? 新托福综合写作题目：阿卡德王国短期灭亡的原因
托福综合写作回顾
重复2014年6月15日及2016年3月13日的考题。
阅读主要观点提取：
有三个理由可以解释阿卡德王国为什么会在短时间内灭亡。
理由一：来自被攻取国家的反抗。阿卡德王国要求被攻取的国家缴纳高额的贡品，这些国家久而久之便不再愿意缴纳高额贡品，并举兵反抗，最终使得阿卡德王国灭亡。
理由二：粮食短缺。阿卡德王国的粮食主要来自于北部地区。然而，北部地区在一段时间内遭遇严重干旱，使得粮食无法正常供应，最终使得阿卡德王国灭亡。
理由三：遭遇贸易抵制。阿卡德王国和很多国家交易商品，但是交易时利用自身的强大欺压别国。之后，三分之二的国家联合起来抵抗阿卡德王国，导致该国经济颓废，最终灭亡。
听力主要观点提取：
阅读中的三个理由都不可信。
第一，这些被侵占的国家想要成功攻破阿卡德王国，唯有从它的内部进攻。然而，阿卡德王国在建立之初就毁掉了所有的城墙。所以，一旦他们对阿卡德王国展开进攻，很容易就被阿卡德的士兵击败。
第二，阿卡德王国的农业技术足以抵抗干旱。它有很好的灌溉技术，可以从远处调水。并且，他们还懂得如何长期存储粮食。所以，即使经历一段时间的干旱，阿卡德王国还是可以有足够的食物赖以生存。
第三，阿卡德王国的贸易伙伴总量没有减少。虽然遭遇到一部分国家的抵抗，但是阿卡德王国一直在寻找新的贸易伙伴，东至南亚次大陆，西至地中海。所以，新的贸易伙伴会弥补阿卡德王国经济贸易的损失。
托福综合写作满分范文：
The writer puts forward three explanations for why the Akkadian Empire did not last long. However, the professor points out that none of the explanations is convincing.
First, as for the rebellions of the conquered city-states, the professor demonstrates that the rebel would not succeed. The only chance that the city-state rebels could successfully resist the central government was they can fight inside the city. But it was impossible because the defensive walls had been destroyed by the empire. So the rebellions would be easily defeated.
Second, the professor states that the Akkadians had the ability to solve the bad weather conditions which is different from the reading. It was because the Akkadians had excellent agricultural technology to help them deal with the bad weather conditions. Their irrigation techniques allowed them to bring water from long distance and they had the knowledge to store food for a long period. As a result, they could have enough food supply even during a long period of reduced rainfall.
Finally, contrary to the opinion of the reading that the loss of old trading partners caused the empire’s downfall, the professor says that the new trading partners could make up the loss. The empire constantly searched for new trading partners from the Indian subcontinent to Mediterranean Sea. So they still could get enough resources they relied on. (223)
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