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高一英语语法讲义
一、句子成分及简单句五种基本句型
(一)
句子成分的定义：
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次
要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
(二)主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在
there be
结构、疑问
句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由
名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become mo re and more popular.
(名词)
We often speak English in class.
(代词)
One-third of the students in this class are girls.
(数词)
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
(不定式)
Sm oking does harm to the health.
(动名词)
The ri ch should help the poor.
(名词化的形容词)
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.
(主语从句)
It is necessary to master a foreign language.
(it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式)
(三)
谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语，
一般
放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1
简单谓语：
由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如：
He practices running every morning.
2
复合谓语：
（1） 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如：
You may keep the
book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
（2） 由系动词加表语构成。
如：
We are students.
(四)
表语：
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词(如be, become,get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.
(名词)
Is it yours?
(代词)
The weather has turned cold.
(形容词)
The speech is exciting.
(分词)
Three times seven is twenty one?
(数词)
His job is to teach English.
(不定式)
His hobby
(爱好)
is playing football.
(动名词)
The machine must be out of order.
(介词短语)
Time is up. The class is over.
(副词)
The truth is that he has never been abroad.
(表语从句)
(五)宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：
They went to see an exhibition
(展览)
yesterday.
(名词)
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.
(代词)
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.
(数词)
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.
(名词化形容词)
He pretended not to see me.
(不定式短语)
I enjoy listening to popular music.
(动名词短语)
I think(that)he is fit for his office.
(宾语从句)
宾语种类：
（1）
双宾语
(间接宾语 +直接宾语)，例如：
Lend me your dictionary, please.
（2（复合宾语(宾语+宾补)，例如：
They elected him their monitor.[
(六)
宾语补足语：
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.
(名词)
They painted their boat white.
(形容词)
Let the fresh air in.
(副词)
You mustn
’
t force him to lend his money to you.
(不定式短语)
We saw her entering the room.
(现在分词)
We found everything in the lab in good order.
(介词短语)
We will soon make our city what your city is now.
(从句)
(七)定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.
(形容词)
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.
(分词)
There are thirty women teachers is our school.
(名词)
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.
(代词)
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.
(不定式短语)
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.
(动名词)
He is reading an article about how to learn English.
(介词短语)
(八)状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，
叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.
(副词及副词性词组)
He has lived in the city for ten years.
(介词短语)
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.
(不定式短语)
He is in the room making a model plane.
(分词短语)
Wait a minute.
(名词)
Once you begin, you must continue.
(状语从句)
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six?
(时间状语)
Last night she didn
’
t go to the dance party because of the rain.
(原因状语)
I shall go there if it doesn
’
t rain.
(条件状语)
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.
(地点状语)
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
(方式状语)
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.
(伴随状语)
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
(目的状语)
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
(结果状语)
She works very hard though she is old.
(让步状语)
I am taller than he is.
(比较状语)
简单句有五种基本句型，其它各种句子基本上皆由此五种句型缩略或扩展而成。
1、“主语+谓语”句型，可简称为主谓结构，谓语是不及物动词。如：
The sun is rising.
太阳正在冉冉升起。
Now, the meeting begins.
现在会议开始。
2、“主语+连系动词+表语“句型，如：
He and I are pretty good swimmers.
他和我都游泳游得不错。
The doctors seemed very capable.
这些大夫好像都很能干。
3)“主语+谓语+宾语”句型可简称为主、谓、宾结构(SVO )，其谓语一般皆是及物动词，其宾语多是直接宾语。如：
Robbie didn’ t deny the facts.
罗比不否认这些事实。
She heard whisperings.
她听到了一阵沙沙声。
4）主语+谓语 +宾语+ 宾语句型可简称为主谓宾宾结构(SVOO)，其谓语须是可有双宾语的及物动词，即所谓的与格动词(dative verb )，两个宾语多一是间接宾语，一是直接宾语。如：
We gave the baby a bath.
我们给婴孩洗了个澡。
Judith paid me a visit.
朱迪思来看望了我。
5)“主语 + 谓语+宾语+ 宾语补语”句型可简称为主、谓、宾、宾补结构(SVOC)，其谓语须是可有这种复合宾语的及物动词，宾语补语与宾语一起构成复合宾语。如：
I found this book easy.
我发现此书不难。
(形容词
easy
用作宾语补语)
They held him hostage.
他们将他扣作人质。
(名词 hostage用作宾语补语)
He watched the maid come in.
他看着女佣人进来了。
I heard him coming up the stairs slowly, as if he were carrying something heavy.
我听见他慢慢上楼来，好像扛着什么重的东西。
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